How to Make Ice Spikes in Your Freezer

How to Make Ice Spikes in Your Freezer Ice spikes are tubes or spikes of ice that shoot up or off at an angle from a container of frozen water, such as a bird bath or bucket in the winter. The spikes resemble an inverted icicle. Ice spikes form rarely in nature, but you can make them in your own freezer quite simply and reliably. Heres what you do. Ice Spike Materials distilled waterice cube trayfrost-free freezer (ordinary home freezer) Its important to use distilled or reverse osmosis purified water. Ordinary tap water or mineral water contain dissolved substances that may prevent the water from forming spikes or reduce the number of spikes that are formed. You can substitute a bowl or cup for the ice cube tray. Plastic ice cube trays are nice because they contain several small compartments, meaning you have a quick freeze time and several chances for spikes. Make Ice Spikes Its easy! Simply pour the distilled water into the ice cube tray, set the tray in your freezer, and wait. You can expect about half of the ice cubes to contain ice spikes. An ordinary ice cube tray freezes in about 1-1/2 to 2 hours. The spikes degrade and soften over time since most home freezers are frost-free and will blow warmer air over the spikes. How It Works Pure water supercools, which means it remains liquid past the ordinary freezing point. When it starts to freeze at this lower temperature, it solidifies very rapidly. The freezing process starts at the edges of the container because the nicks, scratches, and imperfections allow for nucleation of the ice crystals. Freezing continues until there is only a hole near the middle of the container, which contains liquid water. Ice is less dense than liquid water, so some of the crystals float to the top and are pushed out, forming a spike. The spike grows until the water is frozen. There are two reasons why ordinary tap water or mineral water are less likely to form ice spikes. The first reason is that this water tends to freeze at its regular freezing point. This is a much slower process than freezing from the supercooled state, so solidification is more likely to be homogeneous or occur throughout the ice cube all at once. If there isnt a hole in the ice, the ice spike cant grow. The other reason is that contaminants or impurities in the water become concentrated in the liquid as the water freezes. Researchers believe solids become concentrated at the growing tip of an ice spike and inhibit further growth. Learn More How To Supercool WaterMake Hot Ice or Supercooled Sodium AcetateWhy Ice Floats

Habitat fragmentation Essays

Habitat fragmentation Essays Habitat fragmentation Essay Habitat fragmentation Essay Three different attacks to understand worsening population : the instance of home ground atomization Introduction The IUCN Red List indicates that over 6000 species of craniates are threatened ( IUCN 2009a ) . The most important factor of endangering species is habitat atomization ( Caughley and Gunn 1996 ; Hanski 1998 ; IUCN 2004 ) , which is defined as an agent of decline in the declining-population paradigm ( Caughley 1994 ) . Although species-specific attacks are employed to turn to the agent of diminution, the more theoretical attack should be developed to supply more efficient direction scheme of endangered species preservation ( Caughley 1994 ) . However, several methods associated with habitat atomization have been developed on classical attacks ( Fischer and Lindenmayer 2007 ) . Therefore, the purpose of this reappraisal is to analyze recent attacks to turn toing population diminution in disconnected landscape and if these attacks have been developed in the manner to understand population diminution. Approach to turn toing population diminution INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR Cardinal to this attack is that loss of nucleus countries, which are often used for single behavior such as forage or genteelness, is the key to an apprehension of the impact of habitat atomization on population. Case survey: Habitat choice of the Iberian Lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) at dispersion phase The Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) happening in the Iberian Peninsula ( Delibes et al. 2000 ) is a moderate-sized feline and the most threatened feline in the universe ( Nowell and Jackson 1996 ) . One of the major factors of diminution in the population is habitat devastation and atomization ( Rodriguez and Delibes 1992 ) . : Palomares et Al. ( 2000 ) behavior radiotracking research with 42 persons for 14 old ages in the Donana part. Their findings indicate that radio-collared Iberian lynxes at dispersal phase most often use the Mediterranean scrubland, where flora type is more suited for runing and engendering. Palomares et Al. ( 2000 ) found postdispersal persons tend to settle in lower quality home ground compared to habitat at predispersal phase. In decision, it is suggested that the nucleus country for the Iberian lynx might hold already reached transporting capacity, therefore, to keep population, the Mediterranean scrubland should be protected. The major strength and failing of the single behavior attack This paper focuses on persons in a disconnected home ground with the accent on behavior at a critical phase for endurance, where single dispersion behaviour is critical for population kineticss ( Bowler and Benton 2005 ) . The advantage of attack might be elaborate description of the relationship between home ground and species by radiotracking. Based on single behavior, Palomares et Al. ( 2000 ) highlights the importance of a specific flora type. Although this attack is similar to the behaviour-based theoretical account ( Norris 2004 ) , which is based on single behavior scheme with evolutionary theory, the attack on here is non complete plenty to include evolutionary However, the strength of the behaviour-based theoretical account might be able to partly use since both attacks are developed from behavioural ecology. From this point of position, the strength of this single behavior attack is that a plausible premise of population response to habitat atomization can be established based on single behavior, as Norris ( 2004 ) supposes. On the other manus, this attack could be criticized as an deficient method to understand population diminution theoretically owing to complexness. This expostulation is hard to counter, since this attack tends to be species-specific and case-by-case on the land that single behavior is influenced by assorted factors such as fittingness, intra- or interspecies competition, resource handiness, or environment ( Begon et al. 1996 ) . Therefore, the failing of the attack must be trouble in using consequences to other species. METAPOPULATION APPROACH Metapopulation kineticss is frequently considered as a sufficient tool to understand theoretically the impact of habitat atomization ( Hanski 1998 ) . This attack is derived from island biological science, therefore, it is possible to understand the impact of habitat atomization by incorporating a spot construction with well-established little population theory ( Hanski and Gilpin 1997 ) . Case survey: Metapopulation kineticss of the Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) Gaona et Al. ( 1998 ) characterizes the spacial constellation of Iberian lynx population as the metapopulation construction in the Donana part, and conducts patterning and simulation research of metapopulation kineticss with demographic parametric quantity based on field informations gathered from 1983 to 1992. Harmonizing Gaona et Al. ( 1998 ) , Iberian lynx metapopulation has a beginning and sink construction, and the survival rate of territory-holding grownups in beginnings play a premier function in the metapopulation kineticss. They conclude that increasing transporting capacity in the beginnings and diminishing mortality rate in the sinks are effectual in keeping the population of lynx. The major strength and failing of the metapopulation attack In the instance survey, it is assumed that population diminution of Iberian lynx cased by habitat atomization in the Donana part depends on the balance between beginnings and sinks. In add-on, the metapopulation theoretical account shows several possible determiners of population kineticss. Therefore, it could be argued the metapopulation theoretical account has three strengths to understand population diminution by habitat atomization. First, the theoretical account could heighten theoretical apprehension of the impact on population kineticss at regional degree ( Hanski 1998 ) . Second, conjectural scenarios of population kineticss can be proposed for future direction ( Gaona et al. 1998 ) . Third, metapopulation theoretical account can incorporate the chief two models for research in habitat atomization ; one is species-oriented ( e.g. demographic or familial ) , another is pattern-oriented ( e.g. connectivity or inch consequence ) ( Fischer and Lindenmayer 2007 ) . However, the two cardinal jobs of metapopulation theory for the impact of habitat atomization can be identified. One is an equivocal definition of atomization in metapopulation theory. The term of atomization originally means the procedure of home ground alteration, therefore, it is hard to see that a spacial construction of disconnected landscape is the standards to understand population diminution ( Fahrig 2003 ) . Another is deficient parametric quantities for demographic and environment in the theoretical account due to either oversimplifying of or deficiency of ecological informations and environmental factors ( Harrison and Bruna 1999 ; Bowler and Benton 2005 ) PHYLOGEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH Phylogeography can lend to placing geographic barrier and the impact of scattering on familial fluctuation ( Freeland 2005 ) . Therefore, it assists to understand the impact of habitat atomization on species dispersion and familial diverseness. Case survey: Phylogeography and preservation familial of Jaguars ( Panthera onca ) Although Jaguar one time ranged from south portion of US to Argentina, current scope is restricted from Mexico to south portion of Argentina ( Nowell and Jackson 1996 ) . The population tendency is worsening ( IUCN 2009b ) caused by chiefly habitat atomization ( Nowell and Jackson 1996 ) . Eizirik ( 2001 ) et Al. examines mtDNA control part and microsatellite venue from 44 Jaguars. They point out that panther may hold high cistron flow across their scope, because 22 different haplotypes and the 4 haplotype subgroups do non bespeak a historical-geographical barrier for subspecific distinction. However, their mtDNA and microsatellite analysis shows considerable distinction between subgroups. Eizirik et Al. ( 2001 ) assumes that some dispersion of Jaguar is limited by Amazon River and the Darien Strait, and perchance by the recent geographical barrier. Added to this, they besides find low degree of familial diverseness from mtDNA analysis while high degree of single fluctuation is found from microsatellite loci analysis. Although Eizirik et Al. ( 2001 ) see trying prejudice, they conclude that it is necessary to maintain high cistron flow and familial diverseness for Jaguar preservation. The major strength and failing of the phylogeographical attack The major strength of phylogeography may be supplying penetration of the distribution procedure from persons to population and species. Sing persons, the instance survey reveals that some panthers have a high ability to scatter within the scope, although major geographical barriers exist. This serves as grounds of long-distance dispersion because the survey of long-dispersal has been superficial, even though much research has done for short-distance dispersion ( Waser et al. 2001 ) . In add-on, phylogeography shows familial diverseness, on which dispersal/gene flow has the important impact, at population and species level ( Frankham et al. 2002 ) . Therefore, the phylogeographical attack may be a sufficient tool for understanding the impact of habitat atomization by placing single dispersion and familial diverseness in population and species. However, this attack might non be suited to acknowledge possible indicants of diminution such as high mortality rate in a home ground which are unseeable in familial analysis. Discussion It was observed in old portion of this reappraisal that the three attacks show the different dimensions and the advantages and disadvantages. To compare all of these distinctions is beyond the range of a brief paper. Therefore, the cardinal difference, spacial and temporal graduated table, in the three attacks is focused on here. Sing spacial graduated table, the first attack focuses on single behavior, while metapopulation attack efforts to understand population diminution at regional degree. However, phylogeographical attack allows consideration from single to species degree. Phylogeographical attack is besides able to see the impact of habitat atomization within a wide temporal graduated table. Compared to phylogeographical attack, the temporal graduated table in other two attacks is comparatively little. Having noticed this implicit in distinction, it could travel on to see how they complement each other with their strengths and failings. We shall concentrate on the single behavior attack to analyze how to incorporate attacks. When incorporating it with metapopulation theoretical account, it might non be effectual. The ground is that the theoretical account simplifies single behavior ( Heinz, et Al. 2006 ) , even though the metapopulation theoretical account allows spread outing clip graduated table by imitating scenarios. Namely, the metapopulation theoretical account may cut down the advantage of single behavior attack. On the other manus, uniting with phylogeographical attack has high potency for understanding the impact of habitat atomization on population kineticss. Since phylogeographical attack provides grounds of historical and current scattering, integrated attack can maximise the ecological information of species by comparing historical scattering and present dispersion behavior. In add-on, familial diverseness revealed by phylogeographical attack can track the effects of behavior scheme on population kineticss. Therefore, it seems sensible to say that incorporating single behavior and familial analysis is sufficient for future apprehension of the impact of habitat atomization. This incorporate attack has already started to develop ( Gebremedhin et al. 2009 ) . In decision, even though this integrated attack has started to develop and several attacks including a theoretical theoretical account have emerged, our understanding for population diminution might non be beyond Caughley s declining-population paradigm in the sense of species-specific and individual attack. The chief ground is that elaborate ecological informations of the mark species is indispensable to utilize theoretical accounts or an incorporate attack efficaciously for understanding the impact of habitat atomization, which is a major menace for most species and the agent of diminution. Literature Cited Begon, M. , J.L. Harper, and C.R. Townsend. 1996. Ecology: persons, populations and communities. 3rd edn, Blackwell Science, Cambridge. Bowler, D.E. , and T.G. Benton. 2005. Causes and effects of carnal dispersion schemes: associating single behavior to spacial kineticss. Biological Review 80: 205-225. Caughley, G. 1994. Direction in preservation biological science. Journal of Animal Ecology 62: 215-244. Caughley, G. , and A. Gunn. 1996. Conservation biological science in theory and pattern. Blackwell Science, Cambridge. Delibes, M. , A. Rodriguez, and P. Ferreras. 2000. Action program for the preservation of the Iberian lynx in Europe ( Lynx pardinus ) . Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, France. Eizirik, E. , J.H. Kim, M. Menotti-Raymond, P.G. Crawshaw, S.J. OBrien, and W.E. Johnson. 2001. Phylogeography, population history and preservation genetic sciences of panthers ( Panthera onca, Mammalia, Felidae ) . Molecular Ecology 10: 65-79. Fahrig, L. 2003. Effectss of habitat atomization on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecological Evolution and Systematics 34: 487-515. Fischer, J. , and D.B. Lindenmayer. 2007. Landscape alteration and habitat atomization: a synthesis. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 265-280. Frankham, R. , J.D. Ballou, and D.A. Briscoe. 2002. Introduction to Conservation Genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Freeland, J. R. 2005. Molecular Ecology. Willy, UK. Gaona, P. , P. Ferreras, and M. Delibes. 1998. Dynamicss and viability of a metapopulation of the endangered Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) . Ecological Monographs 68: 349-370. Gebremedhin, B. , G.F. Ficetola, S. Naderi, H.-R.Rezaei, C. Maudet, D. Rioux, G. Luikart, O. Flagstad, W. Thuiller, and P. Taberlet. 2009. Uniting familial and ecological informations to measure the preservation position of the endangered Ethiopian walia ibex. Animal Conservation 12: 89-100. Hanski, I. 1998. Metapopulation kineticss. Nature 396: 41-49. Hanski, I. , and M.E. Gilpin. Editors. 1997. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. Academic Press, London, UK. Harrison, S. , and E. Bruna. 1999. Habitat atomization and large-scale preservation: what do we cognize for certain? ECOGRAPHY 22: 225-232. Heinz, K.S. , C. Wissel, and K. Frank. 2006. The viability of metapopulations: single dispersion behavior affairs. Landscape Ecology 21: 77-89. IUCN ( the International Union for Conservation Nature and Natural Resources ) . 2004. Species Extinction The Facts. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/species_extinction_05_2007.pdf [ Accessed: 8th November 2009 ] IUCN ( the International Union for Conservation Nature and Natural Resources ) . 2009a. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Speciess: Table 1. Numbers of threatened species by major groups of beings ( 1996-2009 ) . IUCN ( the International Union for Conservation Nature and Natural Resources ) . 2009b. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Panthera onca. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15953/0 [ Accessed: 8th November 2009 ] Nowell, K. , and P. Jackson. 1996. Wildcat wells: Status study and preservation action program. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. Palomares, F. , M. Delibes, P. Ferreras, J. M. Fedriani, J. Calzada, and E. Revilla. 2000. Iberian lynx in a disconnected landscape: Predispersal, dispersion, and postdispersal home grounds. Conservation Biology 14: 809-818. Norris, K. 2004. Pull offing threatened species: the ecological tool chest, evolutionary theory and declining-population paradigm. Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 413-426. Rodriguez, A. , and M. Delibes. 1992. Current scope and position of the Iberian lynx Felis pardina Temminck, 1824 in Spain. Biological Conservation 61: 189-196. Waser, P.M. , C. Strobeck, and D. Paetkau. 2001. Estimating interpopulation dispersion rates. Pages 484-497 in J. L. Gittleman, S. M. Funk, D. Macdonald and R. K. Wayne, editors. Carnivore Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History Essay

Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History - Essay Example The services of the Library foundation have been active since 1872. The library is not active for respective purpose but also working in a join with other 72 libraries in Los Angeles. The Library Foundation is also involved in undertaking advocacy services as well. This shows that Library Store is involved in supporting masses within the community. Unlike other fundraising events, this was less advertised among the mainstream celebrities. It is obvious from the charity events that it could not become successful in terms of raising funds for the cause until celebrity endorsement is undertaken. But Library Store’s Cancer Fund Raiser had common people as visitors more than celebrities. This charity event was created for the first time in the Library Store with its own affiliation of organizers. The goal of this charity was backed up by its vision of supporting other libraries in Los Angeles to maintain their services to the educational institutions for spreading literacy in Los Angeles. Considering this vision, the event was a success and organized relevant activities. The intriguing fact about the fundraising was the inclusion of different standing-comedians who participated to make the event a success. These standing-comedians had successfully taken place of celebrities coming to the event. According to the organizer of f undraising, the basic goal of the fundraiser was to assess the contribution of common people in Los Angles who are more than willing to contribute to the society. It will not be incorrect to state that this fundraising was far different than other charity events. It was because of low-light charity. The Library Store is an attraction for a majority of people living Los Angeles which automatically spread awareness regarding the fundraiser.