Thursday, August 27, 2020
Discussion Board: Ann & David
With the current hard financial occasions, it is important for a business association to place into thought all the components that are probably going to influence its accomplishment in the market. The facts confirm that each organization should work more enthusiastically with the goal that it can understand its objectives because of the current monetary insecurity. This financial unsteadiness has been achieved by the current worldwide monetary downturn that the entire world is confronting. It ought to subsequently be noticed that with the as of now improvement in innovation on the planet, the world is ending up being a worldwide town and one can purchase any item from any piece of the world.As Porter, (2000) puts it, despite the fact that area might be incorporated with the companyââ¬â¢s prosperity monetarily, socially and as far as accessible assets, innovation has a significant part to play as the one decides the market zone of the item the organization concocts. Reaction to Da vidââ¬â¢s posting Time is the main consistent thing in this world. This implies in each association, there will be a few changes required after some time. Nonetheless, one can't simply get up one morning and choose to change.According to Satterlee, (2009) the quickly developing mechanical improvement on the planet today is making some organizationââ¬â¢s customary practices are getting outdated and they are being supplant by new ones. This implies the association must change with the goal that it can adjust to the new condition for it to endure. There are somewhere in the range of three stages that should be followed with the goal that one can know how and what to change. In as much as an association must follow the three stages to change recommended by Nolifer Merchants, it must be solid and steady as change joins the utilization of some additional assets. References Doorman, M. (2000). Financial Development Quarterly. Area, Competion, and Economic Development. Recovered July 8, 2010, from http://edq.sagepub.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/content/14/1/15.full.pdf+html Satterlee, B. (2009). Cross Border Commerce. Roanoke, VA: Synergistics, Inc.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
What I think the good life means to me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
What I think easy street intends to me - Essay Example The book Affluenza gives extraordinary data and detail on carrying on with a decent life while limiting your day by day utilization (De Graaf, Wann, and Naylor, 2001). Affluenza regards the ideal human wants. It likewise looks to make changed strategies to make solace, class, and happiness more veritable and durables than available, transitory things. Instruction, family, connections, work, good and moral standards, profound help and achievement are a portion of the things that make the cut. Before you can bounce into the undeniable finish of how the above characteristics are a long way from being acceptable, go for a stroll with me. The integrity of good is relative too. Since the overseer of this life is blustery on me, the definition is similarly subject to my decisions. Numerous savants within recent memory and the past have had a lot to state on the subject of good. Socrates, for instance, characterized great as the nonappearance of what was awful. I don't concur with the meaning of Socrates (Cohen, 1971). Different rationalists like Plato don't vocally focus on the meaning of good however by means of their composition, it is protected to surmise that ethics like boldness, knowledge, quietude make the rundown of what is acceptable. The late definition is a greater amount of what my characteristics referenced above slope to for help. Training is one of the characteristics that I recorded previously. Training for this situation isn't only the obtaining of data and information. It isn't even the capacity to show forward capability in aptitudes and the capability with which oneââ¬â¢s execution. Training in my book is the capacity to utilize data, innovation, aptitudes for the advancement of mankind. As a radiologist, I imagine doing my lords and my doctorate before I get to forty-five. These degrees are anyway just a reflection of scholarly greatness and interest and not instruction. An informed individual makes pioneers out of average people. Instruction widens the vision past the visionary. My vision, for instance, is that my
Friday, August 21, 2020
Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Chicago Booth Partners
Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Chicago Booth Partners When you select an MBA program, you are not just choosing your learning environment, but are also committing to becoming part of a community. Each Thursday, we offer a window into life âbeyond the MBA classroomâ at a top business school. Booth Partners is an official school club at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, with more than 130 members (25% with kids and 40% international) that, according to the schoolâs Web site, is âdesigned to provide support throughout the Chicago Booth experience by hosting social events, offering advice about moving to and living in Chicago, and providing a networking resource for members who plan to work and volunteer while in Chicago.â During the admit weekend, sessions are run by current partners to inform admitted Chicago Booth students and their significant others about life at the school, showing, said a Booth partner with whom we spoke, âthat the partner is recognized as an important part of the decision-making process.â She added, âUpon acceptance to Booth, not only does the student receive a letter, the partner does as well!â Partners, with or without children, who move with their students to Chicago Booth can take advantage of what the group has to offer by paying a $100 membership fee for the duration of the two-year MBA program. Membership benefits include invitations to partner parties; a weekly email newsletter called The Voice; and inclusion in sub-clubs, such as a Book Club, a Wine Club, etc. Events take place on average one to two times a week. The Booth Partners Web site offers information on moving to Chicago with links to descriptions of area neighborhoods and apartment buildings as well as specific resources for international students and their partners. In addition, the club is reportedly creating a guidebook to life in Chicago that will include additional housing information as well as grocery shopping tips and other pointers. Within the Booth Partners club is Partners of Little Ones (POLO), a resource targeted for students/partners with children. Information on weekly POLO play dates and other child-friendly activities are announced in The Voice. Said the Booth partner with whom we spoke, âThere are lots of resources available to make everyone that is special to a Booth student feel welcomed and cared for! As a Chicago Booth Partner, I have found the Booth Partners club to be an excellent organization in which to meet new people and participate in fun, interesting activities.â For in-depth descriptions of social and community activities at Chicago Booth and 15 other top MBA programs, check out the mbaMission Insiderâs Guides. Share ThisTweet Beyond the MBA Classroom University of Chicago (Booth)
Monday, May 25, 2020
Biography of Samuel Johnson, English Writer and Lexicographer
Samuel Johnson (September 18, 1709ââ¬âDecember 13, 1784) was an English writer, critic, and all-around literary celebrity in the 18th century. While his poetry and works of fictionââ¬âthough certainly accomplished and well-receivedââ¬âare not generally regarded among the great works of his time, his contributions to the English language and the field of literary criticism are extremely notable. Also notable is Johnsonââ¬â¢s celebrity; he is one of the first examples of a modern writer achieving great fame, in large part for his personality and personal style, as well as the massive posthumous biography published by his friend and acolyte James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson. Fast Facts: Samuel Johnson Known For: English writer, poet, lexicographer, literary criticAlso Known As: Dr. Johnson (pen name)Born: September 18, 1709 in Staffordshire, EnglandParents: Michael and Sarah JohnsonDied: December 13, 1784 in London, EnglandEducation: Pembroke College, Oxford (did not obtain a degree). Oxford conferred a Masters degree on him after the publication of A Dictionary of the English Language.Selected Works: Irene (1749), The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749), A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), The Annotated Plays of William Shakespeare (1765), A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland (1775)Spouse: Elizabeth PorterNotable Quote: The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely no good. Early Years Johnson was born in 1704 in Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. His father owned a bookshop and the Johnsons initially enjoyed a comfortable middle-class lifestyle. Johnsonââ¬â¢s mother was 40 years of age when he was born, at the time considered an incredibly advanced age for pregnancy. Johnson was born underweight and appeared quite weak, and the family did not think he would survive. Antique engraving of Dr. Johnsons birthplace in Litchfield, Staffordshire, England. Victorian engraving, 1840. bauhaus1000 / Getty Images His early years were marked by illness. He suffered from mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis. When treatments were ineffective, Johnson underwent an operation and was left permanently scarred. Nonetheless, he grew into a highly intelligent boy; his parents often prompted him to perform feats of memory to amuse and astound their friends. The familys financial situation deteriorated and Johnson began to write poetry and to translate works into English while working as a tutor. The death of a cousin and a subsequent inheritance allowed him to attend Pembroke College at Oxford, though he did not graduate because of his familyââ¬â¢s chronic lack of money. From a young age, Johnson was plagued by a variety of tics, gestures, and exclamationsââ¬âapparently beyond his direct controlââ¬âthat disturbed and alarmed the people around him. Although undiagnosed at the time, the descriptions of these tics have led many to believe that Johnson suffered from Tourette Syndrome. However, his quick wit and charming personality ensured that he was never ostracized for his behavior; in fact, these tics became part of Johnsonââ¬â¢s growing legend when his literary fame was established. Early Writing Career (1726-1744) A Voyage to Abyssinia (1735)London (1738)Life of Mr. Richard Savage (1744) Johnson began work on his only play, Irene, in 1726. He would work on the play for the next two decades, finally seeing it performed in 1749. Johnson described the play as his greatest failure despite the fact that the production was profitable. Later critical assessment agreed with Johnsonââ¬â¢s opinion that Irene is competent but not particularly brilliant. After leaving school, the familyââ¬â¢s financial situation worsened until Johnsonââ¬â¢s father died in 1731. Johnson sought work as a teacher, but his lack of a degree held him back. At the same time, he began working on a translation of Jerà ³nimo Lobos account of the Abyssinians, which he dictated to his friend Edmund Hector. The work was published by his friend Thomas Warren in the Birmingham Journal as A Voyage to Abyssinia in 1735. After several years working on a few translation works which found little success, Johnson secured a position in London writing for The Gentlemanââ¬â¢s Magazine in 1737. It was his work for The Gentlemanââ¬â¢s Magazine that first brought Johnson fame, and shortly afterwards he published his first major work of poetry, London. As with many of Johnsonââ¬â¢s works, London was based on an older work, Juvenalââ¬â¢s Satire III, and describes a man named Thales fleeing Londonââ¬â¢s many problems for a better life in rural Wales. Johnson did not think much of his own work and published it anonymously, which sparked curiosity and interest from the literary set of the time, although it took 15 years for the authorââ¬â¢s identity to be discovered. Johnson continued to seek work as a teacher and many of his friends in the literary establishment, including Alexander Pope, attempted to use their influence to have a degree awarded to Johnson, to no avail. Penniless, Johnson began to spend most of his time with the poet Richard Savage, who was jailed for his debts in 1743. Johnson wrote Life of Mr. Richard Savage and published it in 1744 to much acclaim. Innovations in Biography At a time when biography chiefly dealt with famous figures from the distant past, observed with appropriate seriousness and poetic distance, Johnson believed biographies should be written by people who knew their subjects, who had, in fact, shared meals and other activities with them. Life of Mr. Richard Savage was in that sense the first true biography, as Johnson made little effort to distance himself from Savage, and in fact, his closeness to his subject was very much the point. This innovative approach to the form, portraying a contemporary in intimate terms, was highly successful and changed how biographies were approached. This set off an evolution leading to our modern-day concept of the biography as intimate, personal, and contemporaneous. Dr. Samuel Johnsons dictionary, which was first published in 1755, on display in London, circa 1990. Epics / Getty Images A Dictionary of the English Language (1746-1755) Irene (1749)The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749)The Rambler (1750)A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)The Idler (1758) At this point in history, there existed no codified dictionary of the English language regarded as satisfactory, and Johnson was approached in 1746 and offered a contract to create such a reference. He spent the next eight years working on what would become the most widely-used dictionary for the next century and a half, eventually supplanted by the Oxford English Dictionary. Johnsonââ¬â¢s dictionary is imperfect and far from comprehensive, but it was very influential for the way Johnson and his assistants added commentary on individual words and their usage. In this way, Johnsons dictionary serves as a glimpse into 18th-century thinking and language use in a way that other texts do not. Closeup of pages from early editions of Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of English Language including handwritten notes on margins. Walter Sanders / Getty Images Johnson put immense effort into his dictionary. He wrote a lengthy planning document setting out his approach and hired many assistants to perform much of the labor involved. The Dictionary published in 1755, and the University of Oxford conferred a Masterââ¬â¢s degree on Johnson as a result of his work. The dictionary is still regarded highly as a work of linguistic scholarship and is frequently quoted in dictionaries to this day. One of the major innovations that Johnson introduced to the dictionary format was the inclusion of famous quotes from literature and other sources to demonstrate the meaning and use of words in context. The Rambler, The Universal Chronicle, and The Idler (1750-1760) Johnson wrote his poem The Vanity of Human Wishes while working on the dictionary. The poem, published in 1749, is again based on a work by Juvenal. The poem did not sell well, but its reputation rose in the years after Johnsonââ¬â¢s death, and is now regarded as one of his best works of original verse. Johnson began publishing a series of essays under the title of The Rambler in 1750, eventually producing 208 articles. Johnson intended these essays to be educational for the up-and-coming middle class in England at the time, noting that this relatively new class of people had economic affluence but none of the traditional education of the upper classes. The Rambler was marketed to them as a way of buffing their understanding of the subjects often brought up in society. A literary party at Sir Joshua Reynoldss, after the original by James William Edmund Doyle. From l-r are James Boswell, Dr Samuel Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, David Garrick, Edmund Burke, Pasquale Paoli, Charles Burney, Thomas Warton the Younger and Oliver Goldsmith. Culture Clubà /à Getty Images In 1758, Johnson revived the format under the title The Idler, which appeared as a feature in the weekly magazine The Universal Chronicle. These essays were less formal than The Ramblers, and were frequently composed shortly before his deadlines; some suspected he used The Idler as an excuse to avoid his other work commitments. This informality combined with Johnsonââ¬â¢s great wit made them extremely popular, to the point where other publications began reprinting them without permission. Johnson eventually produced 103 of these essays. Later Works (1765-1775) The Plays of William Shakespeare (1765)A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland (1775) In his later life, still plagued by chronic poverty, Johnson worked on a literary magazine and published The Plays of William Shakespeare in 1765 after working on it for 20 years. Johnson believed that many early editions of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s plays had been poorly edited and noted that different editions of the plays often had glaring discrepancies in vocabulary and other aspects of the language, and he sought to revise them correctly. Johnson also introduced annotations throughout the plays where he explained aspects of the plays that might not be obvious to modern audiences. This was the first time anyone had attempted to determine an authoritative version of the text, a practice that is common today. Johnson met James Boswell, a Scottish lawyer and aristocrat, in 1763. Boswell was 31 years younger than Johnson, but the two men became very close friends in a very short time and remained in touch after Boswell returned home to Scotland. In 1773, Johnson visited his friend to tour the highlands, which were regarded as a rough and uncivilized territory, and in 1775 published an account of the trip, A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland. There was in England at the time a deep interest in Scotland, and the book was a relative success for Johnson, who had been awarded a small pension by the king by this time and was living much more comfortably. Letter from Dr Samuel Johnson to Warren Hastings, Governer-General of Bengal, asking for his support concerning a projected translation of Ariosto by John Hoole, Auditor at the India House. 29 January 1781. Signed: Dr Samuel Johnson. Culture Clubà /à Getty Images Personal Life Johnson lived with a close friend named Harry Porter for a time in the early 1730s; when Porter passed away after an illness in 1734, he left behind his widow, Elizabeth, known as Tetty. The woman was older (she was 46 and Johnson 25) and relatively wealthy; they married in 1735. That year Johnson opened his own school using Tettyââ¬â¢s money, but the school was a failure and cost the Johnsons a great deal of her wealth. His guilt over being supported by his wife and costing her so much money ultimately drove him to live apart from her with Richard Savage for a time in the 1740s. When Tetty passed away in 1752, Johnson was wracked with guilt for the impoverished life he had given her, and often wrote in his diary about his regrets. Many scholars believe that providing for his wife was a major inspiration for Johnsonââ¬â¢s work; after her death, it became increasingly difficult for Johnson to complete projects, and he became almost as famous for missing deadlines as he did for his work. Death Johnson suffered from gout, and in 1783 he had a stroke. When he had somewhat recovered, he traveled to London for the express purpose of dying there, but later left for Islington to stay with a friend. On December 13, 1784 he was visited by a teacher named Francesco Sastres, who reported Johnsonââ¬â¢s last words as Iam moriturus, Latin for I am about to die. He fell into a coma and died a few hours later. Legacy Johnsonââ¬â¢s own poetry and other works of original writing were well-regarded but would have slid into relative obscurity if not for his contributions to literary criticism and the language itself. His works describing what constituted good writing remain incredibly influential. His work on biographies rejected the traditional view that a biography should celebrate the subject and instead sought to render an accurate portrait, transforming the genre forever. The innovations in his Dictionary and his critical work on Shakespeare shaped what we have come to know as literary criticism. He is thusly remembered as a transformative figure in English literature. In 1791, Boswell published The Life of Samuel Johnson, which followed Johnsonââ¬â¢s own thoughts on what a biography would be, and recorded from Boswellââ¬â¢s memory many things that Johnson actually said or did. Despite being subjective to a fault and larded with Boswellââ¬â¢s obvious admiration for Johnson, it is regarded as one of the most important works of biography ever written, and elevated Johnsonââ¬â¢s posthumous celebrity to incredible levels, making him an early literary celebrity who was as famous for his quips and wit as he was for his work. Titlepage of The Life of Samuel Johnson, LLD by James Boswell. Photo by Culture Club/Getty Images Sources Adams, Michael, et al. ââ¬Å"What Samuel Johnson Really Did.â⬠National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2009/septemberoctober/feature/what-samuel-johnson-really-did.Martin, Peter. ââ¬Å"Escaping Samuel Johnson.â⬠The Paris Review, 30 May 2019, https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/05/30/escaping-samuel-johnson/.George H. Smith Facebook. ââ¬Å"Samuel Johnson: Hack Writer Extraordinaire.â⬠Libertarianism.org, https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/samuel-johnson-hack-writer-extraordinaire.
Thursday, May 14, 2020
A Woman of No Importance and a Dolls House - 996 Words
Explore the presentation of Nora Helmer as a deceitful female character in ââ¬Å"A dollââ¬â¢s house.â⬠Compare and contrast your findings with the way Wilde presents his female protagonist Mrs. Arbuthnot in ââ¬Å"A woman of no importance.â⬠By Gheirey Mulliken Both ââ¬Å"A dollââ¬â¢s houseâ⬠by Henrik Ibsen and ââ¬Å"A woman of no importanceâ⬠by Oscar Wilde were about Nora Helmer and Rachel Arbuthnot (protagonists) and their role as; mothers, wives, and new women. They were written and performed in Victorian times, for a Victorian audience and they believed in keeping up with your appearances and maintaining a high social status. In order to do so they had to abide by the Victorian code of conduct to remain ââ¬Ëgoodââ¬â¢ in the eyes of other people. Nora and Rachel areâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He uses other names such as; ââ¬Å"my little skylarkâ⬠, ââ¬Å"my little spend thriftâ⬠etc. which further emphasizes how insignificant and ââ¬Ëlittleââ¬â¢ she is. Through language Ibsen paints a picture of a marriage where Nora is child-like and someone who is constantly patronised by her husband, and she takes no offence to his belittling her. He also creates dramatic tension in Act 2 describing the Christmas tree as ââ¬Ëbare and dishevelledââ¬â¢ and during some dialogue the setting ââ¬ËIt begins to grow dark,ââ¬â¢ saying that the atmosphere was dark we see that it is now a house full of lies, itââ¬â¢s different from the happy house at the beginning of the play. In Wildeââ¬â¢s play, George refers to Mrs. Arbuthnot as ââ¬Ëa woman of no importanceââ¬â¢ undermining her. However at the end of the play we see a role reversal and it is now Mrs. Arbuthnot who refers to George as ââ¬Ëa man of no i mportance.ââ¬â¢ At the end of the plays the writers cleverly reverse the expectations of the audience, we expect to see a happy ending but instead we were left disappointed and sympathetic for the two women. Both female protagonists were deceitful in their own way but in my opinion, I felt as though they were both deceitful in their own way. Nora had lied about the loan, but she lied about other things as well. She influenced everyone; her children, the maids, Dr. Rank, and Mrs. Linde her to lie for her, so that she would not be caught by her husband. Mrs. Arbuthnot also lied to her son,Show MoreRelatedLars s Life Of The Doll955 Words à |à 4 Pagesbrother rebuilt the house. Karin and Gus married, Karin was pregnant. Karin is a warm and cheerful woman. She often invited him into the house of the family dinner. But Lars always refused Karin because he enjoys alone. Lars from his colleagues know the people selling inflatable doll online, and then he ordered an inflatable doll to itself. Lars treated the doll as his girlfriend, and he talks to doll every day. He even believed that the doll is a real woman. He treated a doll just like treatingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play A Doll House 919 Words à |à 4 PagesBeing in a situation where a person is unable to control their actions or thoughts is difficult. Whether it may have been during the 1800s or 1900s, humans experience this unpredictable event. For instance, in the play A Doll House, Nora was a wife who held a deep, darkening secret in which she chose to keep hidden from her husband. During the play entitled Trifles, Mrs. Hale came to the decision to remove evidence from the scene in order to not allow officials of the county to predict what may haveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words à |à 6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of womenââ¬â¢s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreThe hero we all wish we could be1600 Words à |à 7 Pages The hero we all wish we could be. In the late eighteen hundreds the roles of genders were specific. Men were to work and provide for his family. While woman were to stay home and care for their household, children, and ultimately to satisfy their husbands desires. In the play A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen we see the character of Nora Helmer escape from this ageââ¬â¢s common gender role by leaving her husband and children behind in search for her own happiness. While many could criticize Noraââ¬â¢s abandonmentRead MoreWomen s Rights By Henrik Ibsen1481 Words à |à 6 Pagesfreedom from their restricted roles. 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While Nora the main character at first seems to fulfil her role as the perfect mother and wife, she is eventually divided between her obligations as a woman, and her need to express herRead MoreThe Importance Of Being A Doll s House1627 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Importance of being a Doll. ââ¬Å"She s only a bird in a gilded cage. A beautiful sight to see. You may think she is happy and free from care sheââ¬â¢s not, though she seems to beâ⬠. (Lamb) The Importance of Being Earnest and A Dolls House have been subjects of controversy since their creation. How the plays characterize the parodies of society as a gilded cage are directly related to the writers and how they were treated in their real lives. From the standpoint of the importance of being earnest theRead MoreA Feminist Criticism A Doll s House1372 Words à |à 6 PagesBarros English 102 A1W November 11,2014 A Feminist Criticism A Doll House A Dollââ¬â¢s House, written by Henrik Ibsen examines the controversial point of persuasion of love and marriage that emphasis marital vows and womenââ¬â¢s roles, during the nineteenth century. Where feminism lurks throughout the entire play. Through this play, I shall show you what I perceived what the writer Ibsen presumption of the equivalence among men and woman, and the idea of feminism. Where Women have a specific purposeRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll House 846 Words à |à 4 PagesDoll house Noraââ¬â¢s marriage has been a sham ever since the start. By the standard of modern day, she has legitimate ground to leave her husband Torvald. Because Torvald only cares about his image, he treats Nora as an object rather than a wife, Nora has never been taken seriously by her husband, and Torvald only loves her for her appearance. Torvalds image is of great importance to him considering now he is a bank manager, and he will not allow anything standing in his way to ruin this imageRead MoreHenrik Ibsen Thesis Paper1049 Words à |à 5 Pagesthese scenarios is the societal roles that given to people. Ibsen stressed the importance of societal and gender roles in his writing, hoping to convey his messages of equality to his readers. Yes, life does create problems and questions for humans, but it is the humans who create problems amongst themselves by creating the concept of societal roles. Ibsen writes about the roles of women in his 1879 work, A Doll s House. At the time of writing, women were seen as mainly subservient beings. However
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Gun Control Laws Will NOT Reduce Crime Essay - 2324 Words
Some people believe that extremely tight gun control laws will eliminate crime, but gun control laws only prevent the good guys from obtaining firearms. Criminals will always have ways of getting weapons, whether it be from the black market, cross borders, or illegal street sales. New gun control laws will not stop them. Since the shootings of Columbine High School, Virginia Tech, and Sandy Hook, the frequency of mass shootings has increased greatly. Gun control is not effective as it has not been shown to actually reduce the number of gun-related crimes. Instead of considering a ban of private firearm possession, and violating individual ownership rights, it may be more practical to consider the option of partially restricting firearmâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In McDonald v. the City of Chicago, the Court found that an individualââ¬â¢s right to lawfully possess a firearm for the purposes of self defense under the Second Amendment applied to the states by way of the Fourteent h Amendment(Krouse). The Fourteenth Amendment states that ââ¬Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws(Fourteenth Amendment).â⬠Handguns were used most often in homicides, most cases being in the late 1980ââ¬â¢s and early 1990ââ¬â¢s before falling to a low in 2008 (Cooper, et al.). Most gun involvement occurs with gang related activity, which increased from 73% in 1980 to 92% in 2008 (Cooper, et al.). The percentage of homicide victims killed with a gun increased with age of the victim until age 17, where it peaked at 79% and declined thereafter (Cooper, et al.). The sharp increase in homicides from the mid-1980ââ¬â¢s through the early 1990ââ¬â¢s, and much of the subsequent decline, is attributable to gun violence by teens and young adults (Cooper, et al.). From 1980 to 2008, moreShow MoreRelatedThe Irresponsible Deployment of Tasers by Canadian Police Essay1919 Words à |à 8 PagesNASA researcher, John H. Cover, in the 1960ââ¬â¢s and 70ââ¬â¢s, the TASERà ® has been widely adopted by police agencies as a non-lethal alternative to guns. While these devices have aided authorities in subdui ng suspects, it has also resulted in numerous unnecessary deaths. The general perception of the non-lethality of Tasers along with poor judgement on the part of law enforcement has culminated in the over use and apparent misuse of discharge against suspects when alternate options have existed. The followingRead MoreJuvenile Crime Issues in Todayââ¬â¢s Criminal Justice System18893 Words à |à 76 Pageshas these common law, constitutional, statutory, and humanitarian rights that may be threatened by technological advances and other developments: à © à © à © à © chapter 15 Juvenile Justice chapter 16 Drugs and Crime chapter 17 Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice chapter 18 The Future of Criminal Justice These individual rights must be effectively balanced against these present and emerging community concerns: Widespread drug abuse among youth The threat of juvenile crime Urban gang violenceRead MoreEDPM CSEC15093 Words à |à 61 PagesIntellectual property conceptualised as the protection of the rights of persons who produce, gather or disseminate ideas and information, including authors, singers and journalists. 2. describe the rights that are protected by intellectual property laws; Rights that are protected Economic rights: the level of payment for use of the product by third parties. Moral rights: violating the integrity and reputation of the author through misrepresentation or misquoting of the work. 3. The copyright conceptRead MoreNeophyte Essay11176 Words à |à 45 PagesCRYSTAL METHAMPHETAMINE: WHAT IS IT? WHO USES CRYSTAL METH HOW CRYSTAL METH IS USED HOW CRYSTAL METH IS MADE HOW CRYSTAL METH AFFECTS THE BODY, MIND, RELATIONSHIPS AND THE ENVIRONMENT PART II GOVERNMENT, ORGANIZED CRIME AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES CRYSTAL METH AND ILLEGAL DRUG STRATEGIES IN CANADA FIRST NATIONS AND CRYTAL METH TREATMENT STRATEGIES PART III TALA TOOTOOSISââ¬â¢ STORY CRYSTAL METH ON THE NAVAJO NATIONRead MoreCorporation (Fisch) Outline Penn Law Essay62808 Words à |à 252 PagesOther Concepts 2 B.) Agency and Partnership Law 2 II.) INTRODUCTION TO THE CORPORATE FORM 16 A.) Formation and Structure 16 B.) Debt, Equity, and Valuation 22 III.) CONTROL OF CORPORATE DECISIONS 32 A.) The Role of the Shareholder 32 B.) Management Obligations 50 1.) Duty of Care 51 2.) Duty of Loyalty 56 3.) Duty of Fairness: Parent-Subsidiary Relationships 63 4.) Duty of Good Faith 64 5.) Management Obligations Under Federal Securities Laws 67 C.) Shareholder Litigation 76 IV.)Read MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words à |à 518 PagesonaryDictionary of Ãâïâ¬Å¾nà ¬Ã¯â¬ ¬chà Igbo 2nd edition of the Igbo dictionary, Kay Williamson, Ethiope Press, 1972. Kay Williamson (â⬠) This version prepared and edited by Roger Blench Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm To whom all correspondence should be addressed. This printout: November 16, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations:Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words à |à 1422 PagesMacintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ" To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldnââ¬â¢t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ" To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ" To Carol, Allie, and Teri. J. D. ââ" About the Authors puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received theRead MoreEssay on Aviation Security3679 Words à |à 15 Pagesas ââ¬Ëpassive detectorsââ¬â¢, highlighting a flawed system design in that though a humble beginning, they were ineffective against scanning metals which were incapable of being magnetized. This posed as a problem in security because a large portion of guns manufactured from the United States were made from nonferrous metals for ââ¬Ëlight weightââ¬â¢ purposes and therefore, could easily remain undetected. 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Twelve Years A Slave free essay sample
Throughout his book, Solomon goes into details describing his life as a slave, which validates our critique of slavery. As abolitionists, it is our duty to do something about slavery. Although, as abolitionists, we have a history of disagreements among us, it time to put stop to our arguments and start fighting for something we all believe in to abolish slavery.While the growing cotton economy has made slavery more attractive than ever before to most southern people, slavery has to be abolished based on these reasons: first, because slaves are treated inhumanly; second, because it makes southern white society savage and cruel, and third, it turns southern whites into greedy and lazy people. One of the main reasons that slavery should be abolished is because masters treat their slaves inhumanly. Masters disregard the idea of family among slaves. Although they encourage slave marriage, they do so out of selfish reasons. Slavery typically occurs in societies whose economy is of a market type capable of producing surpluses. Slavery existed over thundered and forty years. Slaves were considered property rather than errors (AP, 96). They had few legal rights: in court, their testimony was inadmissible in cases involving whites (246, 247); they could make no contract nor own any property; even if attacked, they could not strike a white person (80); they could not be away from their owners premises without permission; they could not assemble unless a white person was present; they could not be taught to read or write; and they were not permitted to marry. Offenders were subject to punishment, including whipping, branding, imprisonment, and death (81-83).Magnolia Myth conception is singularly insulting, since it implies that slavery is k, as long as slaves are treated well (Lecture Notes, 10/27-31/03). And it implies that as long as slave owners werent beaten then bondage might even have been good for the slaves. The Magnolia Myth spread that slaves were content and in fact happy to be kept in bondage. Slaves owners in the south published pamphlets to sho w that slaves were happy being in bondage, pamphlets includes slaves dancing, well dressed, smiling. Slave owner in response to northerners abolitionist pamphlet, southerner argued that otherness treated their slaves better than northerner treated free blacks and their workers (Lecture Notes, 10/31/03). Southerners in retaliation included pictures of what they felt blacks lived and treated in the north, pictures included black working as prostitutes, sleeping on the streets, poor, working long hours and being mistreated in the factories, and being sick constantly (Lecture Notes, 10/31/03).Southerners slave owners who argued that slavery was good for slaves longed used the bible and whips to support their theory and philosophy that slavery civilized slaves. Peter Tanner used the bible to explicate to his slave the importance of being obedience. Peter Tanner had a habit of reading to his slave each Sabbath. During Solomon Northup brief visit to Peter Tanners plantation he recalls, Peter Tanner reading to his slaves from the Twelfth chapter of Luke, Tanner says that those who is not ob edient to God including whites shall receive strip meaning whips upon their backs (94).Twelve years Solomon Northup better known by Plant his slave given endured the pain of lashing and watching of others. Whipping was another form that slave owner believed that civilized slaves, civilizing slave brought obedience and control. For planters, slave had an important advantage over servant, they could be controlled (AP, 63). Slaves that were defiant were shown the way of obedience through whipping. Solomon Northup gives examples of ways that white whipped their slave for disobedience.Northup gives account of severe whipping by his Master Peps to one his slave Patsy, whom he wrongly accused of sneaking to another plantation than allowed. Many slaves were forced to forget whom they are, where they come from and leave behind their love ones. Many slaves were forced from their native home and placed into slavery. Northup case was he was kidnapped while working in a slave state. This was not common for slaves to be taken. Northup gives us clear story how he feared that he would never come in contact with his wife and children.He discusses in his autobiography how he was whipped nearly to death for mentioning his true name ad his family background and making claims of being a freeman (25). Many slaves were forced to be separated from their mother, father, children, husband and wives. Northup gives another account of a family who consisted of mother name Elise, little girl named Emily and little boy named Randall, they were all separated left to never see or hear from each others again (53, 57).More than two hundred years slavery existed; hundreds and thousands of slaves was brought into the country and exported for economic reasons. The institution of slavery as whole in my opinion not only killed slaves physically but as well spiritually and morally. The topic that we are assigned on asked of us to tell how Solomon Northup, Twelve Years a Slave help historian understand slave feeling toward slavery.Imagine the ability of being stripped from your family in the middle of the night and possibility of never been seen again. Imagine in order leaving from one place to another you had to have a pass from another racial group that was said to be superior to you. Many slaves were to endure the pain of being beaten and their moral and spirituality taken away from them. Unlike Northup few slave were not fortunate enough to be free.
Wednesday, April 8, 2020
Apprasial Essay Example
Apprasial Essay Appraial Employee Training and Development in Health Care Organizations Sean Ackerman Human Resources in Health Care Organizations May 7, 2011 The growth and development of people is the highest calling of leadership Harvey Firestone, American Businessman We will write a custom essay sample on Apprasial specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Apprasial specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Apprasial specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Introduction Training is a process whereby people acquire capabilities to aid in the achievement of personal and organizational goals. In the healthcare industry, employee training and development is multifaceted and complex. It must address state and federally mandated regulation requirements, organizational objectives and needs, and leadership development. This must all be delivered and documented in an organized and consistent fashion. In the simplest of terms, the training process is tied to a variety of organizational purposes and can be viewed in terms of immediate need and/or long-term objectives.5 Context In the limited perspective, training provides employees with specific, identifiable knowledge and skills for use on their current job. This type of training can present in many forms; from a newly hired employee who needs orientation to department and/or hospital operations, to introducing a new concept in technology or a new computer system to the entire organization. Whatever the reason for conducting a training session, it is important for a company to develop a comprehensive, on-going and consistent training program. This training process is essential in keeping staff motivated about learning new concepts and keeping the organization profitable. Leadership development is broader in scope and focuses on providing individuals with the opportunity to gain new capabilities useful for both current and future jobs. Developing leadership skills in current employees benefits both the organization and the individual. Experienced and knowledgeable employees and managers enhance organizational competitiveness and strengthen the organizationâ⠢s ability to adapt to a changing environment. In this development process, individual careers may evolve and gain new or redirected focus.2 A crucial component of leadership development is succession planning; a process of identifying a longer term plan for replacement of key employees. This is a complex process in terms of implementation. However, successful implementation of this process impacts the strength of a department as a whole. The manager that has this plan in place demonstrates strong leadership skills.5 Research Findings Analysis In the United States of America, employers currently spend approximately $60 billion annually on training. For the average employer, training expenditures run at least 1.5% to 2% of payroll expenses and average $677 per eligible employee according to a study by the American Society for Training and Development. Historically, health care organizations have lagged behind in training expenditures in comparison to organizations in other industries but training in health care organizations has evolved significantly over the past decade. There is the growing recognition by employees that training is vital to their personal growth and continued employment and success. As part of strategic competitiveness, employees whose capabilities stay current and who receive regular training are better able to cope with the challenges and changes occurring in health care. Additionally, the training process provides management with the opportunity to assess the skills and abilities of the employees and to identify potential future organization leaders.5 Training in health care organizations is offered in both non-clinical and clinical areas and is delivered via a variety of avenues. In the non-clinical area, health care training includes fire safety, sexual harassment prevention, corporate responsibility, patient safety, customer service skills, quality improvement, diversity awareness, and personal computer courses. The cost of this training is offset by increased revenue as a result of enhanced employee knowledge and skills. For example, a customer service skills training session can provide an organization with high patient satisfaction scores. These high scores directly equate to increased patient volumes and revenue.8 In the clinical area, the accreditation process for the health care industry drives the need for training in organizations. Health care organizations are legally mandated to provide consistent training to ensure that high quality medical care and safety is delivered to all patients. While medically licensed personnel employed by health care organizations, including physicians, nurses and technologists must meet annual continuing medical education requirements to maintain state licensure.8 Health care organizations in the 21st century face continuing challenges in meeting the performance expectations of critical stock holders including consumers, payers, regulators, and other providers. As the baby boomer generation ages, bringing high expectations and increased service volumes to the health care system, a new and overwhelming labor shortage is likely to emerge. Demand for top talent is intense and individuals will choose organizations that afford them meaningful opportunities for growth and development. Results of a survey by the Health Management Academy of Executive Leaders in Health Care and Fortune 500 Companies show a clear consensus that strong leadership is the key to organizational success. Only 41% of health care executives were satisfied with the strength of their current leadership development programs.11 Of additional concern to the health care industry are the results of a study by the Advisory Board which predict a 15% drop in the health care leadership pool over the next several years. To meet these challenges, leading health care organizations are designing and executing leadership development initiatives to lay the foundation for sustained long-term organizational growth and success.7 As with routine annual training, employee development begins with analysis of the needs of both the organization and individuals. Both the organization and the individual employee should assess the employeeâ⠢s needs by way of development. The goal in assessment is always to identify strengths and weaknesses. Methods brought into play by organizations to assess development needs can include the use of assessment centers, psychological testing, and performance appraisals. Evidence indicates that analysis of the individualâ⠢s development requirements frequently receives insufficient attention in many organizations. Leaders are also expected to demonstrate alignment and energy relative to mission, vision, values and the organizationâ⠢s culture and strategic priorities. Effective leadership development programs would include significant emphasis on values integration and communication.11 Technology The amount of each type of training, short-term and long-term, performed varies by organizations and depends on strategic planning, resources, and needs identified within the organization. Once the training plan has been designed, the actual delivery of that training can begin. Initially, the training process should be piloted on a trial basis in order to ensure that the training does indeed meet the identified needs and that the design is appropriate. Approaches and methods of training available vary and when ever-changing and improving technology enters the equation, the choices expand almost daily. Various considerations need to be balanced when selecting training approaches and methods. Some common variables are the nature of the training, subject matter, number of trainees, self-paced versus guided instruction, costs, time allotment, and completion timeline. The delivery of training in the health care system includes on-the-job preceptorship by a supervisor or another proficient employee, in service education on new products, policies and processes, continuing education classes, and training workshops or seminars.5 New technologies are being incorporated into training delivery, design, administration, and support. Health care organizations are investing in electronic registration and recordkeeping systems that allow trainees to register, participate in and record exam results for assigned training. The organization is then able to monitor learning progress. To support training, there are computer applications providing training known as electronic performance support systems. Organizations that utilize computer based programs have required training available for employees at all times. Various reports can be run from these computer based systems, making the information readily available for any accreditation organization inquiring about training for employees that has been performed.5 In the future, as learning and work continue to merge, technology will become seamlessly integrated into the employeesâ⠢ work environment. The Importance of Leadership Development The benefits of a comprehensive leadership development program can be represented along a continuum spanning from the individual employee only, through the employee plus the organization and ending with the organization only as illustrated below. Unfortunately, too few companies are committed to employee development.7 LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM BENEFITS CONTINUUM Employee Employee + Employer Employer ^ skills boosts morale v employee turn-over ^ knowledge clear company vision ^ productivity ^ job satisfaction ^ motivation fosters new ideas ^ compensation ^ trust prime market position ^ marketing for new hires Through corporate training programs, the individual employee is able to acquire new skills and knowledge, as well as, increase their qualifications and ultimately enhance their overall job satisfaction. Obviously, staff development is an expense but companies fully committed to providing continuous opportunities for employee learning, growth and development generate returns on their investments in terms of increased employee initiative, motivation, trust, and reduced turn over. Companies benefit just as much as the employees from investment in training and education, particularly in terms of having a recruiting edge for the most qualified job candidates. When employee development is performed strategically, a partnership develops among training and development professionals generating greater clarity and agreement among employers and their managers as to business direction, goals and priorities. As a diagnostic tool, development planning allows for the ability of employees to articulate, with precision, the business goals of the organization and the increased value to the business as a result of completion of training programs. I have personally experienced leadership development in my organization. I began my career many years ago with no particular goals in mind. As years went by, I realized I was on a track towards being a leader. The executive team had implemented a talent in sight program for managers and I had been identified as an employee with the ability to move ahead in the organization. Even though I have the ability to be a strong leader, my formal education is not on target with the goal. The CEO has strongly encouraged me to continue my formal education, so that future opportunities within the organization will be available to me. As it turns out, returning to college to receive my degree was one of my better decisions. Thankfully, I work in an organization where leadership development is a priority. Development of Leaders There are many elements for creating the best possible learning experiences for leaders, including the fundamental principals that inform our leadership development efforts and the most effective learning methods.10 Trust and personal credibility form the foundation for leadership. They should also form the foundation of leadership development. Successful leaders must be able to build and sustain trusting relationships with a highly diverse group of people. Intensive training in interpersonal skills is fundamental to every successful leadership effort. Trust and leadership abilities cannot be built over the internet. Leadership is a relationship between human beings and if successful leaders are to be developed, they must be brought together in one room.10 One of the most valuable ways to build trust and to assist the leader in getting a rounded view is to provide 360 degree feed back. This is the single most valuable tool to provide leaders with a realistic agenda for development. Forward-looking is the one attribute that differentiates leaders from other credible people. Constituents want their leaders to have a vision of the future, to know where they are heading. A respectable business cannot be built without predicting the stumbling blocks that can occur down the road. Proactivity is the key to successful leaders. Leadership development should be offered to all employees. Leaders can come from anywhere and must come from everywhere. Everyone who wants to lead must have a plan for her or his own development and take charge of executing that plan. Potential leaders need to be encouraged to get clarity about their strengths and weaknesses. The desire for learning can be inspired, but it must be nurtured continuously. Coaching is critical to that process.5 Conclusion Basic economic resourceà ¦.is no longer capital, nor natural resourcesà ¦.nor labor. It is and will be knowledge. 4 There is no question that continued learning has merit. However, blinded by cost issues, some organizations forfeit guaranteed return on investment by not implementing a consistent training program for employees. Unfortunately, some learning takes place only after we acknowledge our mistakes and faults.9 Health care organizations are being subjected to ongoing changes in technology and consumer interests and preferences. Learning capabilities help organizations adapt to the ongoing changes. Focusing on training and development is making an investment in the organizationâ⠢s future. True success comes from emphasizing both short term operational considerations and long term developmental ones. Health care leaders must creatively meet the demands of these complementary priorities. References 1 Baptist Health Care: Where Staff Retention Drives Patient Satisfaction, A Case Study of the UCSF Center for the Health Professions from http://www.cpp.com. 2 Bring Out the Leader in Each, from http://www.allbusiness.com 3 Bolstering Staff Soft Skills Helps Hospital Face Major Challenges, A Case Study of St. Lukeâ⠢s Hospital and Health Network from http://www.cpp.com. 4 Druker, Peter (1993) Capitalist Society. HarperCollins, New York, NY. 5 Flynn, Walter J, Robert L. Mathis, John H. Jackson, Patrick J. Langan (2007) Healthcare Human Resource Management, Second Edition. South-Western Cengage Learning, OH USA. 6 http://www.allbusiness.com 7 Oâ⠢Toole, James, Edward E. Lawler III (2006) The New American Workplace. Palgrave MacMillan, New York, NY. 8 Smith, Shawn, JD, Rebecca Mazin (2004) The HR Answer Book. AMACOM, NY USA. 9 Spath, Patrice L. (2007) Guide to Effective Staff Development in Health Care Organizations: A Systems Approach to Successful Training. 10 Ukens, Lorraine L. (2001) What Smart Trainers Know, The Secrets of Success from the Worldâ⠢s Foremost Experts. Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer, San Francisco CA. 11 Wells, Wendy, William Hejna (2009) Developing Leadership Talent in Healthcare Organizations: There are five key areas in which healthcare organizations can better foster the development of strong leaders among their employees. Healthcare Financial Management, from http://findartticles.com. Cascio, W. (2010). Managing human resources: productivity, quality of work life, profits. United States of America: McGraw-Hill. ?à Colquitt, J, Lepine, J, Wesson, M. (2011). Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Monday, March 9, 2020
The NGOs Role Within Australias Democracy â⬠Government Essay
The NGOs Role Within Australias Democracy ââ¬â Government Essay Free Online Research Papers The NGOs Role Within Australias Democracy Government Essay The role of NGOs in Australiaââ¬â¢s system of democracy is an issue of increasing relevance and significance within public discourse. NGOs have been placed under proliferating scrutiny and reconceptualization within our political landscape. This has been characterised by increasing conservative neo-liberalist philosophical underpinnings rationalised within economic rationalismââ¬â¢s model of entrepreneurship and free market competition. (Maddison, Denniss and Hamilton 2004 p1) The roles, responsibilities and challenges facing NGOs are numerous and ever-changing with ââ¬Å"greater confusion about the non-profit sector and its role than before.â⬠(Fitzgerald 2004 p1)It is important yet difficult for these NGOs to juggle values, purpose and determination within the broader context of political climates and societal change. The need for NGOs to clarify their roles and responsibility within the Australian system of democracy is of profound significance within our changing societal paradigm moving towards conservatism, privatisation and overriding neo-liberalist philosophies contrasting the Keynesian welfare model upon which societal constructs has until recently drawn heavily upon. (McDonald and Marston 2002 p3) NGOs have been faced with a consequential need to articulate roles and defend their actions and ideologies as governments and conservative organizations focus not on the positive processes and outcomes of NGOs for their service users and the community but rather the threat that they pose to the conservative equilibrium created within the neo-liberalist agenda, particularly in relation to their support from the community and the advice they provide to governments and corporations. (Mowbray 2003 p4) NGOs play a unique and invaluable role within Australiaââ¬â¢s system of democracy in playing an intermediator role between the government, the community and the corporate for profit sector, creating public forums of debate involving varying individuals often with diverse or underrepresented needs, representation of disadvantaged and marginalised groups, providing direct involvement in policy formation and change, providing uncompromising quality services to the community and striving for high levels of transparency and accountability of governments, the corporate sector and their own organizations. The construction of a public sphere of consultation, discussion and debate may be argued to be a fundamental underpinning of the democratic process as well as ââ¬Å"to the development of good public policy and a well functioning democracyâ⬠. (Maddison, Denniss and Hamilton 2004 p1) NGOs provide a platform from which alternative views and experiences may be expressed and often advocate on the behalf of or assist in a process of empowerment of marginalised and disadvantaged groups. This enables a public voice previously unheard or disregarded increasing access to decision making processes effecting individuals and communities and moving towards a more egalitarian holistic approach incorporating the needs of all stakeholders. The legitimacy of these roles of NGOs has been placed under increasing scrutiny with a highly contested movement away from the involvement of NGOs in public decision-making processes. The decreasing public trust of governmental and corporate entities has concurrently been juxtaposed by an increasing level of public trust and involvement with NGOs and community participation (Maddison, Denniss and Hamilton 2004 p2) The legitimacy of NGOs subsequently has been called into question under right wing conservative ideology referring to NGOs as ââ¬Å"a growing power of an unelected fewâ⬠(Fitzgerald 2004 p5) undermining and questioning their authority, motivations and views. Thus a strengthening conservative agenda has emerged questioning the right of NGOââ¬â¢s to be involved in public political discourse and calling for the silencing of dissidence through intimidatory means or withholding funding. This contradicts democratic principles of free speech and the right to question gove rnmental actions to which NGOs oppose and hope to overcome rather than engage in self-censorship or external body control as a means of self-preservation. NGOs have played an increasingly significant role in representing disadvantaged and marginalised groups and bringing a collaborative and rights based approach into the public agenda. Citizenship and involvement within the democratic process are constructed as a framework for participation ââ¬Å"as citizens with a range of collective identities rather than as individualised clients or customersâ⬠(Ryan 1995 in Sawer and Jupp 1996 p40) NGOs are thus playing an increasingly significant role in the meaning making process assisting in the activation of voices and perspectives of those often unrepresented and unheard within political and societal discourse. This is working in contradiction to the neo-liberalist attempt to ââ¬Å"converge to weaken or abolish collective standards and solidaritiesâ⬠(Bourdieu 1998 p3) and the Darwinistic market neoliberalism increasingly upheld and prioritised within our growing conservative governmental epoch. This representation may involve cr eating open discussion and public forums, direct involvement in planning, implementing and reviewing policy processes and governmental decisions and working towards the capacity building and empowerment of individuals and communities to articulate and represent their needs and opinions within the public sphere. The NGOs operational objectives and function are important in reflecting on the their role within the system of democracy. The provision of uncompromising quality services to the community maintaining philosophies, values and priorities in everyday functioning is an integral aspect in working towards broader aims and objectives regarding societal structures and change. In providing this, NGOs can act as intermediaries between governments, communities and corporations with integrity and genuine transparency and accountability for their actions. Accountability is a central role and issue intrinsic within service provision and the multifaceted public discourse of our system of democracy. NGOs have a responsibility to the community, the government and other organizations to provide transparency and accountability for their actions and the processes undertaken working within their ideological frameworks and understanding. In providing this accountability they provide a milieu within which to question the actions and accountabilities of governments and other organizations involved with the community and the democratic state. Criticism has been mounted against NGOs relating to accountability under the neo-liberalist conceptualisation of the NGOs as an illegitimate entity with its self-interest of paramount concern. However NGOs have reflected that it is their role and responsibility to remain answerable and open to their actions and support improving accountability frameworks, benchmarking and co-responsibilities between NGOs an d governments. (Fitzgerald 2004 p6) Within the case study of the proposal for the Social Science Studentââ¬â¢s Society (SSSS) stakeholders play a significant role in the creation of a studentââ¬â¢s society enabling a communicative forum, participation, feedback, open and critical discussion and the creation of a cohesive collective of social science students within the university. These two stakeholders, the students and the university engage from differing conceptualisations and ideological positions underpinning their approaches and understanding of the role of NGOs. The students take a structural ideological position in relation to the role of NGOs understanding the power imbalances and inequality systematically inherent to their position and within the organizational framework of the proposed social science studentââ¬â¢s society. Within the broader spectrum of the university and the governmental policies and practices influencing the varying levels of their experience the students can observe and understand the societal power imbalance imposed under a top down non-consultative approach. The studentââ¬â¢s are aiming to bring about participatory change focusing on the thoughts, ideas and experiences of social science students questioning the current systemic limitations of the university including a belief that ââ¬Å"participation is limited due to current school structures, which do not encourage their participationâ⬠(SSSS Proposal 2005). An underlying belief that students have the right to open participatory forum, a cohesive commu nity and involvement in planning processes regarding their education is underpinning the role of the SSSS, and an understanding of this within the confines of the universities limitations and societal realm is articulated. The students and SSSS thus construct the role of NGOs as working against recognised systematic inequalities and limitations activating the voices of the marginalised and oppressed in order to bring about positive outcomes and greater societal change. Another key stakeholder within this proposal is the university. The universities approach and ideological position can be understood on a more conservative level than the students however is not unaware of the challenges imposed by power imbalances and inequality such as an inability of the system to incorporate the voices and opinions of the majority. The university takes a pluralist ideological standpoint examining the students and the SSSS proposal and maintains this viewpoint in the broader role of NGOs. The university is able to recognise the varying needs of students and those engaging with the university and is aware of its role in working with these groups to achieve positive outcomes. It maintains this without directly focusing upon a broader actualisation of social problems within the context of societal oppression and systematic inequality, rather focusing on specific issues effecting specific groups within the university and recognising the often unequal distribution of p ower among these groups. The university may conceptualise the broader role of NGOs to work towards achieving goals with varying groups and decrease the effects of inequality and oppression. NGOs may do this without significantly affecting the status quo however may question societal structures in the best interests in alleviating marginalisation and oppression of individuals and communities. The ideological underpinning may have a vast impact on the outcomes for the organization as the various frameworks of understanding of societal structures and approaches to change construct the foundations from which viewpoints are developed and actions are undertaken. The structuralist ideological position holds a greater potential for comprehensive and holistic change, focusing on the varying levels and structures of society from which power imbalances and oppression arise. The focus is centralised on significant and multifaceted change which if achieved is likely to prove successful, as the examination and analysis of all systems of power and change are included in the social change approach. The structuralist ideological position within specific instances however may prove extremely challenging and problematic for an organization to approach. The far-reaching implications of top down systematic inequalities and oppression are complex and possibly daunting issues to tackle; and in specific instances it may not be possible for an organization to approach and change entrenched viewpoints or inequalities deriving from powerful systems over which the organization has little to no control. The pluralist ideological position acts as intermediary in understanding society and social change and due to this attaining positive outcomes and strengthening the positions of marginalized groups and alleviating aspects of inequality may be quite achievable. This may prove to be very beneficial to the groups involved with the organization if their interests are represented however an overall problem with the pluralist approach is its failure to deconstruct and conceptualise the broader spectrum of societal problems. Outcomes may be affected as immediate, short or medium term outcomes may be achievable, however working towards long term or systematic changes may not be encapsulated within the scope of a pluralist approach as they may be when working within a structuralist ide ological framework. References Aja, F.S. (2005) Proposal for the Social Science Students Society [unpublished document] Bankstown: University of Western Sydney. Bourdieu, P. (1998) The Essence of Neoliberalism. [online] Venezuela Analitica Editores. Available from ââ¬â www.analitica.com/bitbioteca/bourdieu/neoliberalism.asp [Accessed 28 August 2005] Fitzgerald, R. (2004) Challenges, choices and opportunities for Nonprofit Organizations. National Roundtable of Nonprofit Organizations. 16 September 2004. Australian Council for International Development. Mowbray, M (2003) War on non profits: ââ¬ËNGOs: What do we do about them?ââ¬â¢ Just Policy.30 (July) 3-13. McDonald, C. and Marston, G. (2002) Fixing the Niche? Rhetorics of the community sector in the neo-liberal welfare regime. Just Policy. 27 (August) 3-10. Maddison, S and Denniss, R. and Hamilton, C. (2004) Silencing Dissent: Non-government organizations and the Australian democracy. Discussion Paper Number 65 June 2004. [online] The Australia Institute. Available from ââ¬â tai.org.au/Publications_Files/DP_Files/DP65.pdf [Accessed 25 August 2005] Bibliography Mills, S. (1994) A Summary of Community Work and Ideology. [unpublished document] Lismore TAFE. Mowbray, M. (2004) Getting NGOs out of the tent: The IPAââ¬â¢s campaign against charities. [online] Victorian Council of Social Services. Available at ââ¬â tear.org.au/resources/harambee/041/04_ngo-out-ofthe-tent.htm [Accessed 30 July 2005] Sawer, M. (2002) Governing for the Mainstream: Implications for Community Representation. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 61(1) March 39-49. Sawer, M. and Jupp, J. (1996) The Two-Way Street: Government Shaping of Community-Based Advocacy. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 55 (4) December, 82-99. Research Papers on The NGOs Role Within Australia's Democracy - Government EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia
Friday, February 21, 2020
Coca Cola (Coke) Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Coca Cola (Coke) Report - Essay Example Contents Contents 3 1. Introduction 4 1. Introduction Coca Cola boosts of having the highest brand equity in the world. According to surveys, one of the most recognized words in the world is ââ¬Å"Coca Colaâ⬠. The product Coca Cola continues to dominate the carbonated drinks market despite sturdy headwinds and is well ahead of its competitor Pepsi. Considering a slow but steady move towards non-carbonated healthy drinks, the product has faced mounting pressure to boost and enhance its promotional activity across the globe in order to maintain market share which has seen a decline from 2005-2010 (Euromonitor International, 2011). This report shall investigate and describe the promotional mix and strategies that have enabled the Coca Cola brand to uplift and maintain the leadership of its carbonated Coke beverage across the globe. 2. Promotional mix From partnerships with renowned international brands to using celebrities in advertisements to keep the youth hooked, Coke has effec tively been promoted through all promotional media. In 2006, for instance, Coca Cola distributed approximately 70 million codes of songs inside Cokeââ¬â¢s packs which were redeemable at Appleââ¬â¢s i-tunes store (Telecomworldwire, 2006). ... The diamonds had three shapes namely round, marquise and princess each of which corresponded to personalities attached to Vanilla Coke, Lemon Coke and Coke Light respectively (Hargrave-Silk, 2004). This was one of the most expensive promotional campaigns of its times beating its rival products such as Pepsi. This strategy also reflects how Cokeââ¬â¢s lifestyle-oriented promotions aim at aspiring young, exuberant, contemporary men and women. The attributes of the Coke drink are reflected in its advertisements. For instance, one of the ads depicted a confident, bold and sexually appealing customer at a restaurant where Coke was sponsoring a giveaway (Hargrave-Silk, 2004). As mentioned earlier, Coca Cola has effectively used psychological marketing in its promotional mix. The company has also partnered with Parts Connection (a motor trade dealer) whereby a can of Coke is given with every purchase worth $100. The can is worth $1,000 of petrol (Motor Equipment News, 2009). At the end o f a particular period, the labelled cans can be used for drinking Coke (Motor Equipment News, 2009). This has given cash starved customers another reason to purchase spare parts from this dealer. The product has such a huge fan following that some of the companyââ¬â¢s promotional efforts have fallen short of its customersââ¬â¢ expectations. As part of its regular line of promotion, the Coke brand has been running an online loyalty program for its Coke fans which has become a source of disappointment for its loyal fans. These fans claim to have collected several codes from bottle caps in return for points only to discover that few of the expensive products (against which the points are redeemable) have run out of stock
Wednesday, February 5, 2020
Object-oriented vs traditional structured Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Object-oriented vs traditional structured - Essay Example It is indispensable to note that object oriented programming remains as the most high-level, flexible, and reusable program compared to structured programming. Object oriented programming (OPP), is much advanced than the structured programming languages since it incorporates three important principles of software development like encapsulation for data hiding which is not common in structured system. Structured programming is the application programming method created in a top- down coding style with functions oriented structures. The structured programming employs the programming mechanisms of dividing program source codes into modules, which consist of control statements like loops, library or user defined functions. The development and implementation of structured programming happens sequentially. Object oriented programming promotes the communication of objects and functions in the main program and the classes in private or public manner. There are three characteristics of object-oriented programming which the structured programming does not have for example the encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism (Pecinovscy, 2013). In contrast, structured programming takes the top-bottom approach in the development of its codes while OOP remains organized into classes and embedded with functions that control the data within the classes. Secondly, structured programming is based on data structures and subroutines while the object oriented has object that supports polymorphism or reusability accelerating system design hence the reduction cost in software development. Structured programming split tasks into modular forms improving the readability and the simplicity of its coding system. While in the object oriented programs each object code structure include the data and the statements controlling the data flow. There is no reusability in the structured code systems while in coding system of the OPP codes there is reusability meaning a section of codes can find use
Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Destruction of our environment
Destruction of our environment Deforestation Issues in Brazil In recent years one of the biggest threats the world as a whole faces is the destruction of our environment. The destruction of the Brazilian rainforest is probably the most important issue that should be taken into consideration because it is the cause of other major ecological problems we are facing such as: global warming, the depletion of our ozone layer, and noticeable climate changes around the world. Brazils deforestation problem has turned into earths deforestation problem. Experts say that not too long ago 14 % of the earth was covered with rainforests. Today only 6% remains and everybody focuses their attention on Brazil because 30% of the remaining rainforests are found in that country (Rain-tree). Deforestation is so dangerous because much of the carbon dioxide that all countries produce is turned into oxygen in the rainforest through the process of photosynthesis. Experts say that 20% of the earths oxygen is produced in the Brazilian rainforest. It is estimated that 90% of all animal and plant species live in the Brazilian rainforest so extinction is another major issue (Rain-tree). The money that deforestation brings to the Brazilian government is a huge motivator since it is a developing country. There are several ways and reasons for which rainforests are destroyed. The major cause of deforestation is logging. The forest is most valuable for its timber so its preservation would cost a lot of money. Commercial loggers destroy huge parts of the forest to reach the trees they want. Trees are brought down and along with them their vines and lianas, which are connected to other trees. When these come down, along come large canopies of green formed above the ground by these vines and lianas. The removal of the trunks cause extra damage since they are carelessly pulled out of the rainforest, destroying and damaging anything in their path. The large machinery compacts the fragile soil with their large tracts, making it very difficult to regenerate. Noise pollution and the destruction of the zone frighten animals living in the area, making them flee to other parts. Commercial loggers make roads to reach other parts of the forest easier. A road connecting point A to point B will disru pt plant and animal life anywhere near it. The roads are then used continuously and animals are forced elsewhere. What most hurts the forest about logging is local people without land that build their homes next to these roads, they are called ââ¬Ëshifted cultivators (Hect 115). Shifted cultivators usually result when peasants land is ââ¬Ëstolen by the government because large corporations or companies unjustfully buy the land. These ââ¬Ëland less people then build their homes inside the rainforest and plant food in order to survive. The Brazilian government blames these people for 60% of the deforestation (Hect 210). In Brazil over 40% of land that is good for cultivating is owned by only 1% of the population (212). Another major cause of the deforestation problem is agriculture. When areas of rainforest are destroyed, ranchers or crop growers move in and clear the entire area. Cattle grazing is very common. Ranchers move in with their livestock and use it to graze until the land is completely barren and stripped of nutrients. After destroying a section, they simply move to a different area and repeat the process. Crops that are grown on rainforest land bring the same consequence; barren, unfertile soil. The problem results when farmers plant crops on the land and begin using pesticides and machinery on the soil. The pesticides alone cause extreme damage to the rainforest. After cultivating their crops farmers leave the useless land and, like the ranchers, move to a different area. These are the major causes for the rainforest destruction but there are many more. Mining in the forest is also a contributor because of large machinery that disrupts life in the area, moves native tribes elsewhere and contaminates the air. For example, Brazil built several hydroelectric dams because they feared an energy shortage. Large sections of the rainforest were cleared to build the dams. This caused erosion problems around the area and animals and tribes living close to the dams had to move. The dams caused several water borne diseases that contaminated the area. According to a World Bank report, Brazil had enough energy to supply to its entire people without having to have had built any of the dams (Causes ). Practices like these, which bring in quick money but leave irreparable damage are drastically reducing the rainforests size. An example of this is how the Atlantic coastline of Brazil has been reduced to 1.7 % of its original state because of cattle grazing (Rain-tree). Experts estimate that in one day 137 plant, insect, and animal species become extinct, equating to 50,000 species each year (Rain-tree). 2.5 acres of rainforest can be the home of over 750 different trees, while a single pond in Brazil can hold more fishes than all of the rivers in Europe (Rain-tree). It is hard to imagine but the Brazilian rainforests has about 3,000 different types of fruits, when only 200 of these are used in the Western World (Hect 110). Rainforests contain half of all animal species living on earth (Rain-tree). Because of human intervention in these rainforests animal species are disappearing about 1000 times faster than they would on their own natural rate. When one species disappears the whole ecosystem is changed and other species that depended upon the first begin to die out until they also become extinct. This chain reaction has wiped out thousands of different species of animals. Most indigenous people living in the rainforest depend on the animals for food and some are believed to be sacred because they are part of their beliefs. When species become getting extinct these peoples lives are affected tremendously. Clear cutting, mining, and dam building are all form of intervention that result in endangered species. The introduction of foreign species into the rainforest further develops the problem since this throws the ecosystem off balance and the different species struggle to fit in, sometimes by killing off others. The poaching of wild animals in the rainforest is another major problem. Furs and exotic birds are very popular among richer countries. Poaching has become more and more common and the extinction rates sore higher each year. Because of economic necessity most poor families living in the rainforest recur to this act by setting traps and capturing animals that are popular on the international market. Animals are sold for very low prices and resold in other countries for much more higher prices. International wildlife trading is a business that makes between 2 3 billion dollars a year so one can see why many local Brazilian people are tempted into it (Rain-tree). Extinction does not only affect animals. Each year thousands of plants in the rainforest become extinct. One fourth of our pharmaceutical medicines in the Western world come from the rainforest. Local people in Brazil use rainforests plants medicinal values greatly. Most indigenous tribes use plants as medicine. Examples of the importance of these plants: Over 70 percent of the plants which are attributed to having anti-cancer properties are found in the rainforest (Hect 139). Unfortunately the Madagascar Periwinkle, a rainforest plant, increased the chances of survival for children with leukemia from 20 percent to 80 percent (Rain-tree). This equates to 8 out of 10 children who are now living thanks to the properties of a single plant found in the rainforest. The Madagascar Periwinkle is now extinct in the wild because of deforestation. The sale of medicines that are plant-based topped 40 billion dollars in 1996 in the United Sates alone (Rain-tree). Forests are destroyed by the second and very few, only 1 percent, of the plants are tested for medicinal properties. Scientists believe that if a cure for AIDS exists it is probably hiding in some rainforest plant (Rain-tree). Most of the plants that are know to have medicinal properties were discovered by indigenous people who have been using them for years in the rainforest. Another major problem is that shamans, or medicine men, who have hundreds of ingredients to plant properties are very elder and if that person dies without passing his knowledge to younger generations everything he knows is lost. As if the extinction of plants and animals were not enough, deforestation has been the cause of many indigenous tribes living in the rainforest to be ââ¬Ëwiped out. From over 6 million indigenous people inhabiting the rainforest of Brazil in 1500, only 250,000 still exist today (). Mining, ranchers, corporations among others have quickly been killing off tribes in a gruel fight for territory and interest. There are dozens of different tribes living in Brazil. Each with different customs and traditions but they all share certain characteristics. They are all dependent upon the Brazilian rainforest to survive. They kill wild game for food, live in small areas in the forest planting crops for food and live very secluded from ââ¬Ëcivilization and the rest of the world. Indigenous tribes have taught us that earth and man can live in peace. Not only are they threatened by outsiders interested in the land but by their younger generations who move out to the city and thus, lose the val uable information that the elders want to pass on, especially medicinal values of plants found in the rainforest. Indigenous people usually lose their land when they are moved because ranchers, miners, or logging companies decide they would like to purchase the territory. The intruders usually begin ââ¬Ëslashing and ââ¬Ëburning the territory they want and expect any tribe nearby to move to a different location. Many times the military is called in and the tribes are forced out of their land. Their human rights are usually ignored by the government and invasion of territory usually end up in bloody conflicts with the ââ¬Ëintruders. These people depend on the rainforest to survive. The problem, as can be seen, is not only dangerous on a national level but worldwide. Another of these major ecological problems whose main cause is deforestation is global warming. Let us examine how global warning occurs: the sun releases heat which is absorbed into earths atmosphere. Earth then returns some of that heat in the form of radiation waves, part of the heat is absorbed by gases in the earth such as carbon dioxide and methane. This process keeps the earth warm. Trees absorb the carbon dioxide and through the process of photosynthesis convert it to oxygen. As we keep reducing the size of our rainforests, which are responsible for 20% of the oxygen produced in earth and as we keep releasing more and more ââ¬Ëgreenhouse gases, which are carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide into out atmosphere each year, the ecosystem is thrown off balance. These gases make earths climate warmer each year and so produce global warming (Global Warming). Global warming could bring catastrophic results to the planet in general. Sea levels would rise, causing an ecosystem unbalance plus the relocation of people living near the coasts. Countless animals and plants that would become extinct because of climate change. Species would have to migrate elsewhere causing unbalance in their lives. Agriculture would be affected tremendously since climate would change throughout the world, causing serious droughts and floods that would cost billions of dollars a year in lost revenue. Above the earth is a thin layer that helps keep atmospheric gases inside earth and acts as a shield from harmful rays emitted by the sun. The greenhouses gases mentioned above are deteriorating this protective layer, they are burning holes in it which permit the suns rays to enter our atmosphere easily. The sun rays that are entering the atmosphere are so strong that they act as radiation hitting us everyday. Skin cancer is becoming more and more common in recent years because of the ultraviolet rays that enter through the depleted ozone layer. People suffering from respiratory illnesses such as asthma are also on the rise, because of the high levels of pollution we are suffering from large cities. ââ¬ËWhy keep destroying? you might ask, after reading all the negative effects deforestation might produce. The answer can be given in one word: money. Brazil is a country that is in a stage of development and deforestation is the main source of revenue. Logging is extremely profitable for companies. The wood is used to make furniture, materials, and other wood products. Charcoal comes from the rainforest as well as paper. The United States, Great Britain, Belgium, and Japan are the biggest ââ¬Ëcustomers (Solutions). Another sad thing about this is that these companies pay extremely low prices per acre and making billions in profits. The government is selling their property for prices incredibly low prices compared to the amount other countries are making off them. On the other hand, if Brazil was not selling the rainforest then it would have very little, if any, source of revenue. Many economists say that the destruction of the rainforest is inevitable and only ââ¬Ënatural. Brazil needs more ââ¬Ëroom for its people since the population keeps increasing each year according to them. Economists also argue that if Brazil was n ot selling its rainforest then the country would be sunk in extreme poverty, crime, and they argue that we would still be losing it. According to Bjorn Lomborg, author of The Skeptical Environmentalist, everything we are fed by the media about the problem of deforestation is a lie. Bjorn states that pessimist news sells so therefore the media exaggerates the truth greatly. According to him the rainforests are not disappearing as fast as we think and the problem is not ominous. ââ¬Å"80 percent of the original forest cover is still in place then just about 20 percent of all tropical forests have disappearedâ⬠(Lomborg 114). On the issue of global warming Bjorn presents interesting information. According to the author ââ¬Å"plants produce oxygen by means of photosynthesis, but when they die and decompose, precisely the same amount of oxygen is consumedâ⬠(115). Trees neither produce or consume oxygen according to his hypothesis since it is an equal distribution of give and take. He criticizes disinformation presented by other sources because according to him they have no grounds or bases for their allegations. In his book, he reminds us of when President Carter warned us that we would have very little, if any, rainforest by the year 2000 in his Global 2000 environmental report (113). Rapid destruction or slow destruction of our planets rainforests the problem is there. There are many things we all can do in order to protect our forests from further deforestation. According to experts the rainforest will yield more profits if it is used for its fruits, nuts, oil and medicinal plants than if it is destroyed now for short term gains. The labeling of timber to be sold would be a giant help against deforestation. Labels indicating ââ¬Å"sound woodâ⬠would be sold and customers with a more open and aware conscious would purchase timber that is not endangering any ecosystem. Another huge solution to the problem is paper. If we consumed less paper thousands of acres of rainforest timber would be spared. Through another perspective, Brazils government needs to help fight its overpopulation problem since that is a giant factor with deforestation (Solutions ). The government needs to educate its people and make them aware of the present problem and the magnitude its c onsequences can bring. Without an educated, aware society no plan or agreement will work. The fact that Brazils rainforest is disappearing is undeniable. Whether it is going in slow or fast pace does not matter very much. We, as a society need to help protect the rainforests not only because of their beauty but because of the importance in this planets balance with nature. As stated before, the problem does not affect Brazil only, it is a delicate issue whose consequences affect every living thing on this planet. Unless we take action today tomorrow might be too late.
Monday, January 20, 2020
Norman Mcleanââ¬â¢s A River Runs Through It :: Norman Mclean A River Runs Through It
Norman Mcleanââ¬â¢s A River Runs Through It explores many feelings and experiences of one ââ¬Å"turn of the centuryâ⬠family in Missoula, Montana. In both the movie, directed by Robert Redford, and the original work of fiction we follow the Mcleans through their joys and sorrows. However, the names of the characters and places are not purely coincidental. These are the same people and places known by Norman Mclean as he was growing up. In a sense, A River Runs Through It is Mcleanââ¬â¢s autobiography. Although these autobiographical influences are quite evident throughout the course of the story they have deeper roots in the later life of the author as he copes with his lifeââ¬â¢s hardships. The characters in the movie and book are taken straight from Mcleanââ¬â¢s life. From the hard working, soft centered, minister father, to the drunken, ââ¬Å"down on his luckâ⬠, brother-in-law, Neil. The character of Paul appears the be the most true to life member of Normanââ¬â¢s family. The audience quickly becomes familiar with Paul and his quick-tempered, always ready for anything attitude. This is evident in the beginning of the story with Paulââ¬â¢s frequent phrase ââ¬Å"...with a bet on the to make things interesting (Mclean 6).â⬠ââ¬Å"It was almost funny and sometimes not so funny to see a boy always wanting to bet on himself and almost sure to win (Mclean 5).â⬠Unlike Norman who was rigorously home schooled every morning, while Paul seemed to escape this torment. The boys would spend their afternoons frolicking in the woods and fishing the Big Blackfoot River. The differences that developed between Paulââ¬â¢s and Normanââ¬â¢s fishing styles b ecome evident in the published versions of Mcleanââ¬â¢s life as well as his real life. Norman followed the traditional style taught by their preacher-father, ten and two in a four -count rhythm, like a metronome. The four-count rhythm, of course, is functional. The one count takes the line, leader, and fly off the water; the two count tosses them seemingly straight into the sky; the three count was my fatherââ¬â¢s way of saying that at the top the leader and fly have to be given a little beat of time to get behind the line as it is starting forward; the four count means put on the power and throw the line into the rod until you reach ten oââ¬â¢clock-then check-cast, let the fly and leader get ahead of the line, and coast to a soft and perfect landing (Mclean 4).
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